ABSTRACT
Emotional disorder is one of the main clinical symptoms of autism spectrum disorder(ASD),which is related to the lack of emotional awareness,social cognition and alexithymia. It is often manifested as difficulty in recognizing,distinguishing and processing emotional information of oneself and others,resulting in making inappropriate emotional reactions. Children and adolescents with ASD often participate in school bullying as the perpetrator,victim,or victim-perpetrator,and this brings about a series of negative physical and mental effects on them. Bullying prevention should not only include interventions for core symptoms and comorbidities of ASD,but also involve building partner empathy and social skills,teacher responsibility and supportive services,parental involvement,and social integration.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the effect of β-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP-9) on osteogenic differentiation of osteosarcoma TE85 cells. Methods: The TE85 cells were infected by recombinant adenovirus Adβ-catenin and AdBMP9 alone or in combination. The expression levels of β-catenin and BMP9 mRNAs in TE85 cells were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The relative β-catenin/TCF4 activity was detected by Luciferase Reported System. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and numeration were used to detect the early osteogenic potential of TE85 cells, and the alizarin red staining was performed to detect the late osteogenic potential. The expression levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN) mRNAs were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and the expression levels of OC and OPN proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results: The exogenous mRNAs of β-catenin and BMP9 in TE85 cells were increased by adenovirus-mediated Adβ-catenin and AdBMP9 (both P < 0.05), and the relative β-catenin/TCF4 activity was increased after infection with Adβ-catenin (P < 0.05). Adβ-catenin or AdBMP9 infection could enhance the activity of ALP in a limited range in TE85 cells (P < 0.05), but they could not promote the mRNA and protein expressions of late osteogenic biomarkers OPN and OC as well as the calcium deposition. However, both early and late potential osteogenic abilities were enhanced obviously after infection with combination of Adβ-catenin and AdBMP9 (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Osteogenic differentiation can be limitedly induced by β-catenin and BMP9 alone in TE85 cells, but this differentiation ability can be remarkably enhanced by combination of β-catenin and BMP9 with a synergistic effect.